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Osmium (from Ancient Greek ὀσμή (osmḗ) 'smell') is a chemical element; it has symbol Os and atomic number 76. It is a hard, brittle, bluish-white transition metal in the platinum group that is found as a trace element in alloys, mostly in platinum ores. Osmium has the highest density of any stable element (22. 59 g/cm3). It is also one of the rarest elements in the Earth's crust, with an estimated abundance of 50 parts per trillion (ppt). Manufacturers use alloys of osmium with platinum, iridium, and other platinum-group metals for fountain pen nib tipping, electrical contacts, and other applications that require extreme durability and hardness.
76OsOsmium
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Atomic properties
| Standard atomic weight | 190.23 ±0.03 |
|---|---|
| Atomic mass | 190.233 u |
Atomic radii
| Radius (empirical) | 135 pm |
|---|---|
| Radius (calculated) | 185 pm |
| Covalent radius | 144 ±4 pm |
Atomic shell
| Electron configuration | Xe 4f14 5d6 6s2 |
|---|---|
| Ionization energy | (1st) 8.43823 eV (2nd) 17 eV (3rd) 25 eV (4th) 41 eV (5th) 55 eV |
| Shell model | Electrons k-shell:2 l-shell:8 m-shell:18 n-shell:32 o-shell:14 p-shell:2 |
Physical properties
| Phase | solid |
|---|---|
| Density | 22.59 g·cm−3 |
| Molar volume | 8.42·10-6 m3·mol−1 |
| Speed of sound | 4,940 m·s−1 (293.1 K) |
Temperatures
| Melting point | 3,306 K |
|---|---|
| Boiling point | 5,285 K |
| Liquid range | 1,979 K |
| Transition temperature | 0.7 K |
Enthalpies
| Melting enthalpy | 31 kJ·mol-1 |
|---|---|
| Enthalpy of vaporization | 630 kJ·mol-1 |
| Binding energy | 789 kJ·mol-1 |
Heat and conductivity
| Specific heat capacity | 130 J·kg−1·K−1 |
|---|---|
| Thermal conductivity | 88 W·m-1·K-1 |
| Expansion coefficient | 5.1·10-6 K-1 |
Hardnesses
| Mohs hardness | 7 |
|---|---|
| Brinell hardness | 3,920 NM·m-2 |
Elastic properties
| Shear modulus | 222 GPa |
|---|---|
| Poisson’s ratio | 0.25 |
Electrical properties
| Electrical conductivity | 1.09·107 S·m-1 |
|---|---|
| Resistance | 8.1·10-8 Ωm |
Magnetism
| Magnetism | paramagnetic |
|---|---|
| Magnetic susceptibility | 1.1·10-5 cm3·mol−1 |
Chemical properties
| Basicity | slightly acidic |
|---|---|
| Oxidation state | -2, 0, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8 |
| Standard potential | 0.85 V (OsO4 + 8H+ + 8e- → Os + 4H2O) |
Electronegativity
| Pauling scale | 2.2 |
|---|---|
| Allred-Rochow scale | 1.52 |
| Nagle scale | 1.39 |
| Pearson absolute negativity | 4.9 eV |
Other properties
| Natural occurrence | primordial |
|---|---|
| Crystal structure | Hexagonal close-packed |
| Goldschmidt Classification | siderophile |
| Superconductor | with transition temperature (solid body, normal pressure) |
| Price/kg | 12,000 USD |
Natural abundances
satellite_alt
Universe
3 ppb ≈ 3.01·1010 M☉
sunny
Sun
2 ppb ≈ 3.97·109 Mt
destruction
Meteorite
670 ppb ≈ 670 mg
public
Earth’s crust
1.8 ppb ≈ 49.8 Mt
water_drop
waves
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