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Zirconium is a chemical element with the symbol Zr and atomic number 40. The name zirconium is derived from the name of the mineral zircon, the most important source of zirconium. The word is related to Persian zargun (zircon; zar-gun, "gold-like" or "as gold"). It is a lustrous, grey-white, strong transition metal that closely resembles hafnium and, to a lesser extent, titanium. Zirconium is mainly used as a refractory and opacifier, although small amounts are used as an alloying agent for its strong resistance to corrosion. Zirconium forms a variety of inorganic and organometallic compounds such as zirconium dioxide and zirconocene dichloride, respectively. Five isotopes occur naturally, four of which are stable. Zirconium compounds have no known biological role.
40ZrZirconium
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Atomic properties
| Standard atomic weight | 91.224 ±0.002 |
|---|---|
| Atomic mass | 91.2242 u |
Atomic radii
| Radius (empirical) | 160 pm |
|---|---|
| Radius (calculated) | 206 pm |
| Covalent radius | 175 ±7 pm |
Atomic shell
| Electron configuration | Kr 4d2 5s2 |
|---|---|
| Ionization energy | (1st) 6.634126 eV (2nd) 13.13 eV (3rd) 23.17 eV (4th) 34.41836 eV (5th) 80.348 eV |
| Shell model | Electrons k-shell:2 l-shell:8 m-shell:18 n-shell:10 o-shell:2 |
Physical properties
| Phase | solid |
|---|---|
| Density | 6.501 g·cm−3 (298.1 K) |
| Molar volume | 1.402·10-5 m3·mol−1 |
| Speed of sound | 3,800 m·s−1 |
Temperatures
| Melting point | 2,125 K |
|---|---|
| Boiling point | 4,650 K |
| Liquid range | 2,525 K |
| Transition temperature | 0.6 K |
Enthalpies
| Melting enthalpy | 21 kJ·mol-1 |
|---|---|
| Enthalpy of vaporization | 580 kJ·mol-1 |
| Binding energy | 605 kJ·mol-1 |
Heat and conductivity
| Specific heat capacity | 270 J·kg−1·K−1 |
|---|---|
| Thermal conductivity | 22.7 W·m-1·K-1 |
| Expansion coefficient | 5.7·10-6 K-1 |
Hardnesses
| Mohs hardness | 5 |
|---|---|
| Brinell hardness | 650 NM·m-2 |
| Vickers hardness | 903 NM·m-2 |
Elastic properties
| Young’s modulus | 68 GPa |
|---|---|
| Shear modulus | 33 GPa |
| Poisson’s ratio | 0.34 |
Electrical properties
| Electrical conductivity | 2.36·106 S·m-1 |
|---|---|
| Resistance | 4.33·10-7 Ωm |
Magnetism
| Magnetism | paramagnetic |
|---|
Chemical properties
| Basicity | amphoteric |
|---|---|
| Oxidation state | 4, 2 |
| Standard potential | -1.553 V (ZrO2 + 4H+ + 4e- → Zr + 2H2O) |
Electronegativity
| Pauling scale | 1.33 |
|---|---|
| Sanderson scale | 0.9 |
| Allred-Rochow scale | 1.22 |
| Ghosh-Gupta scale | 2.848 eV |
| Nagle scale | 1.17 |
| Pearson absolute negativity | 3.64 eV |
Other properties
| Natural occurrence | primordial |
|---|---|
| Crystal structure | Hexagonal close-packed |
| Goldschmidt Classification | lithophile |
| Superconductor | with transition tempperature (solid body, normal pressure) |
| Price/kg | 36.4 ±0.7 USD |
Natural abundances
satellite_alt
Universe
50 ppb ≈ 5.02·1011 M☉
sunny
Sun
40 ppb ≈ 7.95·1010 Mt
destruction
Meteorite
6,700 ppb ≈ 6.7 g
public
Earth’s crust
130,000 ppb ≈ 3.6·106 Mt
water_drop
Oceans
0.026 ppb ≈ 35.6 kt
waves
Flowing water
3 ppb ≈ 48 kt
accessibility_new
Human body
50 ppb ≈ 3.5 mg