HomeElement listsEra of discoveryTechnical and industrial revolution (1800–1849)

Era of discovery: Technical and industrial revolution (1800–1849)

In the first half of the 19th century, more than 25 new elements were discovered, which also serve as an indicator for the new technical-scientific state of development.

3Li

Lithiumsilvery-white

Boronblack-brown

11Na

Sodiumsilvery white metallic

12Mg

Magnesiumshiny grey solid

13Al

Aluminumsilvery gray metallic

14Si

Siliconcrystalline, reflective with bluish-tinged faces

19K

Potassiumsilvery white, faint bluish-purple hue when exposed to air

20Ca

Calciumdull gray, silver; with a pale yellow tint

23V

Vanadiumblue-silver-grey metal

34Se

Seleniumgrey metallic-looking, red, and vitreous black allotropes

35Br

Brominereddish-brown

41Nb

Niobiumgray metallic, bluish when oxidized

44Ru

Rutheniumsilvery white metallic

45Rh

Rhodiumsilvery white metallic

46Pd

Palladiumsilvery white

48Cd

Cadmiumsilvery bluish-gray metallic

53I

Iodinelustrous metallic gray (solid); black/violet (liquid); violet (gas)

56Ba

Bariumsilvery gray; with a pale yellow tint

57La

Lanthanumsilvery white

Ceriumsilvery white

Terbiumsilvery white

Erbiumsilvery white

Tantalumgray blue

Osmiumsilvery, blue cast

77Ir

Iridiumsilvery white

90Th

Thoriumsilvery

H He Li Be B C N O F Ne Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar K Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te I Xe Cs Ba La Ce Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb Lu Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg Tl Pb Bi Po At Rn Fr Ra Ac Th Pa U Np Pu Am Cm Bk Cf Es Fm Md No Lr Rf Db Sg Bh Hs Mt Ds Rg Cn Nh Fl Mc Lv Ts Og

Legend

Enlightenment (until 1799)Element classification (1850–1899)Technical and industrial revolution (1800–1849)Antiquity to Middle Ages Early quantum theories (1900–1949)Synthesis and nuclear sciences (1950–1999)Recent synthesis (since 2000)