Era of discovery: Element classification (1850–1899)

Over 20 elements, including many heavy ones and also those of the rare earths, could be discovered by the end of the 19th century, so that almost all naturally occurring elements were known around 1900.

2He
Heliumcolorless gas, exhibiting a gray, cloudy glow
9F
Fluorinevery pale yellow (gas); bright yellow (liquid); alpha is opaque, beta is transparent (solid)
10Ne
Neoncolorless gas exhibiting an orange-red glow when placed in an electric field
18Ar
Argoncolorless gas exhibiting a lilac/violet glow when placed in an electric field
21Sc
Scandiumsilvery white
31Ga
Galliumsilvery blue
32Ge
Germaniumgrayish-white
36Kr
Kryptoncolorless gas, exhibiting a whitish glow in an electric field
37Rb
Rubidiumgrey white
49In
Indiumsilvery lustrous gray
54Xe
Xenoncolorless gas, exhibiting a blue glow when placed in an electric field
55Cs
Caesiumpale gold
59Pr
Praseodymiumgrayish white
60Nd
Neodymiumsilvery white
62Sm
Samariumsilvery white
64Gd
Gadoliniumsilvery white
66Dy
Dysprosiumsilbrig weiß
67Ho
Holmiumsilvery white
69Tm
Thuliumsilvery gray
70Yb
Ytterbiumsilvery white; with a pale yellow tint
81Tl
Thalliumsilvery white
88Ra
Radiumsilvery white metallic
89Ac
Actiniumsilvery-white, glowing with an eerie blue light; sometimes with a golden cast