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Yttrium [ˈʏtri̯ʊm] ist ein chemisches Element mit dem Elementsymbol Y und der Ordnungszahl 39. Es zählt zu den Übergangsmetallen sowie den Seltenerdmetallen, im Periodensystem steht es in der 5. Periode sowie der 3. Nebengruppe, bzw. der 3. IUPAC-Gruppe oder Scandiumgruppe. Yttrium ist nach dem ersten Fundort, der Grube Ytterby bei Stockholm, benannt, wie auch Ytterbium, Terbium und Erbium.
39YYttrium
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Atomare Eigenschaften
| Relative Atommasse | 88,9058 ±2·10-6 |
|---|---|
| Atommasse | 88,9058 u |
Atomradien
| Radius (empirisch) | 180 pm |
|---|---|
| Radius (berechnet) | 212 pm |
| Kovalenter Radius | 190 ±7 pm |
Atomhülle
| Elektronenkonfiguration | Kr 4d1 5s2 |
|---|---|
| Ionisierungsenergie | (1.) 6,21726 eV (2.) 12,2236 eV (3.) 20,52441 eV (4.) 60,6072 eV (5.) 75,35 eV |
| Schalenmodell | Elektronen k-Schale:2 l-Schale:8 m-Schale:18 n-Schale:9 o-Schale:2 |
Physikalische Eigenschaften
| Aggregatzustand | fest |
|---|---|
| Dichte | 4,472 g·cm−3 |
| Molares Volumen | 1,988·10-5 m3·mol−1 |
| Schallgeschwindigkeit | 3.300 m·s−1 (293,1 K) |
Temperaturen
| Schmelzpunkt | 1.799 K |
|---|---|
| Siedepunkt | 3.203 K |
| Flüssigkeitsbereich | 1.404 K |
| Sprungtemperatur | 2,8 K |
Enthalpien
| Schmelzenthalpie | 11,4 kJ·mol-1 |
|---|---|
| Verdampfungsenthalpie | 380 kJ·mol-1 |
| Bindungsenergie | 425 kJ·mol-1 |
Wärme und Leitfähigkeit
| Wärmeleitfähigkeit | 17 W·m-1·K-1 |
|---|---|
| Ausdehnungskoeffizient | 1,06·10-5 K-1 |
Härten
| Brinellhärte | 589 NM·m-2 |
|---|
Elastizitätseigenschaften
| Youngscher Modul | 64 GPa |
|---|---|
| Schubmodul | 26 GPa |
| Kompressionsmodul | 41 GPa |
| Poissonzahl | 0,24 |
Elektrische Eigenschaften
| Elektrische Leitfähigkeit | 1,66·106 S·m-1 |
|---|---|
| Wiederstand | 6·10-7 Ωm |
Magnetismus
| Magnetismus | paramagnetisch |
|---|---|
| Magnetische Suszeptibilität | 2,15·10-6 cm3·mol−1 (298 K) |
Chemische Eigenschaften
| Basizität | leicht basisch |
|---|---|
| Oxidationszustand | +3 |
| Normalpotential | -2,37 V (Y3+ + 3e- → Y) |
Elektronegativität
| Pauling-Skala | 1,22 |
|---|---|
| Sanderson-Skala | 0,65 |
| Allred-Rochow-Skala | 1,11 |
| Ghosh-Gupta-Skale | 2,723 eV |
| Nagle-Skale | 1,11 |
| Pearson-Skale | 3,19 eV |
Weitere Eigenschaften
| Natürliches Vorkommen | primordial |
|---|---|
| Kristallstruktur | hexagonal (dicht gepackt) |
| Goldschmidt-Klassifikation | lithophil |
| Supraleiter | mit Sprungtemperatur unter speziellen Bedingungen |
| Preis/kg | 31 USD |