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Tantal [ˈtantal] ist ein chemisches Element mit dem Symbol Ta und der Ordnungszahl 73; im Periodensystem steht es in der fünften Nebengruppe oder Vanadiumgruppe. Es ist ein selten vorkommendes, duktiles, graphitgraues, glänzendes Übergangsmetall. Tantal wird vorwiegend für Kondensatoren mit hoher Kapazität bei gleichzeitig geringer Größe verwendet. Da das Metall ungiftig und in Bezug auf Körperflüssigkeiten inert ist, wird es auch für Implantate, etwa für Knochennägel, eingesetzt.
73TaTantal
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Atomare Eigenschaften
| Relative Atommasse | 180,947 ±2·10-5 |
|---|---|
| Atommasse | 180,947 u |
Atomradien
| Radius (empirisch) | 146 pm |
|---|---|
| Radius (berechnet) | 200 pm |
| Kovalenter Radius | 170 ±8 pm |
Atomhülle
| Elektronenkonfiguration | Xe 4f14 5d3 6s2 |
|---|---|
| Ionisierungsenergie | (1.) 7,549571 eV (2.) 16,2 eV (3.) 32,1 eV (4.) 35 eV (5.) 48,272 eV |
| Schalenmodell | Elektronen k-Schale:2 l-Schale:8 m-Schale:18 n-Schale:32 o-Schale:11 p-Schale:2 |
Physikalische Eigenschaften
| Aggregatzustand | fest |
|---|---|
| Dichte | 16,65 g·cm−3 (293,1 K) |
| Molares Volumen | 1,085·10-5 m3·mol−1 |
| Schallgeschwindigkeit | 3.400 m·s−1 (293,1 K) |
Temperaturen
| Schmelzpunkt | 3.290 K |
|---|---|
| Siedepunkt | 5.731 K |
| Flüssigkeitsbereich | 2.441 K |
| Sprungtemperatur | 4,4 K |
Enthalpien
| Schmelzenthalpie | 36 kJ·mol-1 |
|---|---|
| Verdampfungsenthalpie | 735 kJ·mol-1 |
| Bindungsenergie | 782 kJ·mol-1 |
Wärme und Leitfähigkeit
| Spezifische Wärmekapazität | 140 J·kg−1·K−1 |
|---|---|
| Wärmeleitfähigkeit | 57 W·m-1·K-1 |
| Ausdehnungskoeffizient | 6,3·10-6 K-1 |
Härten
| Mohshärte | 6,5 |
|---|---|
| Brinellhärte | 800 NM·m-2 |
| Vickershärte | 873 NM·m-2 |
Elastizitätseigenschaften
| Youngscher Modul | 186 GPa |
|---|---|
| Schubmodul | 69 GPa |
| Kompressionsmodul | 200 GPa |
| Poissonzahl | 0,34 |
Elektrische Eigenschaften
| Elektrische Leitfähigkeit | 7,61·106 S·m-1 |
|---|---|
| Widerstand | 1,35·10-7 Ωm |
Magnetismus
| Magnetismus | paramagnetisch |
|---|---|
| Magnetische Suszeptibilität | 1,54·10-4 cm3·mol−1 (293 K) |
Optische Eigenschaften
| Reflexionsgrad | 78 % |
|---|
Chemische Eigenschaften
| Basizität | leicht sauer |
|---|---|
| Oxidationszustand | 5 |
| Normalpotential | -0,81 V (½Ta2O5 + 5H+ + 5e- → Ta + 2½H2O) |
Elektronegativität
| Pauling-Skala | 1,5 |
|---|---|
| Allred-Rochow-Skala | 1,33 |
| Nagle-Skale | 1,26 |
| Pearson-Skale | 4,11 eV |
Weitere Eigenschaften
| Natürliches Vorkommen | primordial |
|---|---|
| Kristallstruktur | kubisch-körperzentriert |
| Goldschmidt-Klassifikation | lithophil |
| Supraleiter | mit Sprungtemperatur (Festkörper, Normaldruck) |
| Preis/kg | 305 ±7 USD |