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Zinn ist ein chemisches Element mit dem Elementsymbol Sn (lateinisch stannum) und der Ordnungszahl 50. Im Periodensystem steht es in der 5. Periode und in der 4. Hauptgruppe, bzw. 14. IUPAC-Gruppe oder Kohlenstoffgruppe. Das silberweiß glänzende und sehr weiche Schwermetall lässt sich mit dem Fingernagel ritzen. Zinn hat einen für Metalle sehr niedrigen Schmelzpunkt. Seine Hauptverwendung lag früher im Bereich der Herstellung von Geschirr, das von Zinngießern innerhalb der städtischen Handwerkszünfte bis ins 19. Jahrhundert als weit verbreitete Gebrauchs- und Ziergegenstände als Bestandteile der bürgerlichen Haushalte hergestellt wurde. Im Orgelbau ist Zinn unverzichtbarer Bestandteil bei der Herstellung von Metallpfeifen. Moderne Nutzung erfolgt im Bereich von Elektrolöten sowie im Verzinnen von lebensmittelechten Konserven oder auch in der Medizin. Historisch hat der Mensch Zinn zuerst als Beimengung zum Kupfer als Legierungsmittel zur Herstellung der Bronze genutzt.
50SnZinn
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Atomare Eigenschaften
| Relative Atommasse | 118,71 ±0,007 |
|---|---|
| Atommasse | 118,71 u |
Atomradien
| Radius (empirisch) | 140 pm |
|---|---|
| Radius (berechnet) | 145 pm |
| Kovalenter Radius | 139 ±4 pm |
| Van-der-Waals-Radius | 217 pm |
Atomhülle
| Elektronenkonfiguration | Kr 4d10 5s2 5p2 |
|---|---|
| Ionisierungsenergie | (1.) 7,343918 eV (2.) 14,63307 eV (3.) 30,506 eV (4.) 40,74 eV (5.) 77,03 eV |
| Schalenmodell | Elektronen k-Schale:2 l-Schale:8 m-Schale:18 n-Schale:18 o-Schale:4 |
Physikalische Eigenschaften
| Aggregatzustand | fest |
|---|---|
| Dichte | α 5,769 g·cm−3 (293,1 K) β 7,265 g·cm−1 (293,1 K) |
| Molares Volumen | 1,629·10-5 m3·mol−1 |
| Schallgeschwindigkeit | 2.500 m·s−1 (293,1 K) |
Temperaturen
| Schmelzpunkt | 505 K |
|---|---|
| Siedepunkt | 2.875 K |
| Flüssigkeitsbereich | 2.369 K |
| Sprungtemperatur | 3,7 K |
Enthalpien
| Schmelzenthalpie | 7 kJ·mol-1 |
|---|---|
| Verdampfungsenthalpie | 290 kJ·mol-1 |
| Bindungsenergie | 302 kJ·mol-1 |
Wärme und Leitfähigkeit
| Wärmeleitfähigkeit | 67 W·m-1·K-1 |
|---|---|
| Ausdehnungskoeffizient | 2,2·10-5 K-1 |
| Austrittsarbeit | 4,42 eV |
Härten
| Mohshärte | 1,5 |
|---|---|
| Brinellhärte | 51 NM·m-2 |
Elastizitätseigenschaften
| Youngscher Modul | 50 GPa |
|---|---|
| Schubmodul | 18 GPa |
| Kompressionsmodul | 58 GPa |
| Poissonzahl | 0,36 |
Elektrische Eigenschaften
| Elektrische Leitfähigkeit | 8,69·106 S·m-1 |
|---|---|
| Wiederstand | 1,15·10-7 Ωm |
Magnetismus
| Magnetismus | paramagnetisch |
|---|---|
| Magnetische Suszeptibilität | 3,1·10-6 cm3·mol−1 (298 K) |
Optische Eigenschaften
| Reflexionsgrad | 54 % |
|---|
Chemische Eigenschaften
| Basizität | amphoter |
|---|---|
| Oxidationszustand | (-4), 4, 2 |
| Normalpotential | -0,137 V (Sn2+ + 2e- → Sn) |
Elektronegativität
| Pauling-Skala | 1,96 |
|---|---|
| Sanderson-Skala | 1,49 |
| Allred-Rochow-Skala | 1,72 |
| Mulliken-Skala | 2,21 |
| Allen-Skala | 1,824 |
| Ghosh-Gupta-Skale | 4,672 eV |
| Nagle-Skale | 1,7 |
| Pearson-Skale | 4,3 eV |
Weitere Eigenschaften
| Natürliches Vorkommen | primordial |
|---|---|
| Kristallstruktur | tetragonal |
| Goldschmidt-Klassifikation | chalcophil |
| Supraleiter | mit Sprungtemperatur (Festkörper, Normaldruck) |
| Preis/kg | 18,7 USD |
Natürliche Häufigkeiten
satellite_alt
Universum
4 ppb ≈ 4,02·1010 M☉
sunny
Sonne
9 ppb ≈ 1,79·1010 Mt
destruction
Meteorit
1.200 ppb ≈ 1,2 g
public
Erdkruste
2.200 ppb ≈ 60.900 Mt
water_drop
Ozeane
0,01 ppb ≈ 13,7 kt
waves
Fließendes Gewässer
0,06 ppb ≈ 960 t
accessibility_new
Menschlicher Körper
200 ppb ≈ 14 mg