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Cadmium (selten auch Kadmium; von altgriechisch καδμία kadmía, lateinisch cadmia und cadmea „Galmei“) ist ein chemisches Element mit dem Elementsymbol Cd und der Ordnungszahl 48. Es wird meist zu den Übergangsmetallen gezählt, obwohl es eine abgeschlossene d-Schale besitzt und damit eher den Hauptgruppenelementen, vor allem den Erdalkalimetallen ähnelt. Im Periodensystem steht es in der 5. Periode sowie der 2. Nebengruppe (Gruppe 12) oder Zinkgruppe.
48CdCadmium
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Atomare Eigenschaften
| Relative Atommasse | 112,414 ±0,004 |
|---|---|
| Atommasse | 112,414 u |
Atomradien
| Radius (empirisch) | 151 pm |
|---|---|
| Radius (berechnet) | 161 pm |
| Kovalenter Radius | 144 ±9 pm |
| Van-der-Waals-Radius | 158 pm |
Atomhülle
| Elektronenkonfiguration | Kr 4d10 5s2 |
|---|---|
| Ionisierungsenergie | (1.) 8,99382 eV (2.) 16,908313 eV (3.) 37,468 eV (4.) 51 eV (5.) 67,9 eV |
| Schalenmodell | Elektronen k-Schale:2 l-Schale:8 m-Schale:18 n-Schale:18 o-Schale:2 |
Physikalische Eigenschaften
| Aggregatzustand | fest |
|---|---|
| Dichte | 8,65 g·cm−3 (298,1 K) |
| Molares Volumen | 1,3·10-5 m3·mol−1 |
| Schallgeschwindigkeit | 2.310 m·s−1 (293,1 K) |
Temperaturen
| Schmelzpunkt | 594,2 K |
|---|---|
| Siedepunkt | 1.040 K |
| Flüssigkeitsbereich | 445,7 K |
| Sprungtemperatur | 0,52 K |
Enthalpien
| Schmelzenthalpie | 6,3 kJ·mol-1 |
|---|---|
| Verdampfungsenthalpie | 100 kJ·mol-1 |
| Bindungsenergie | 112 kJ·mol-1 |
Wärme und Leitfähigkeit
| Wärmeleitfähigkeit | 97 W·m-1·K-1 |
|---|---|
| Ausdehnungskoeffizient | 3,08·10-5 K-1 |
| Austrittsarbeit | 4,2 eV |
Härten
| Mohshärte | 2 |
|---|---|
| Brinellhärte | 203 NM·m-2 |
Elastizitätseigenschaften
| Youngscher Modul | 50 GPa |
|---|---|
| Schubmodul | 19 GPa |
| Kompressionsmodul | 42 GPa |
| Poissonzahl | 0,3 |
Elektrische Eigenschaften
| Elektrische Leitfähigkeit | 1,43·107 S·m-1 |
|---|---|
| Wiederstand | 7·10-8 Ωm |
Magnetismus
| Magnetismus | diamagnetisch |
|---|---|
| Magnetische Suszeptibilität | -1,981·10-5 cm3·mol−1 |
Optische Eigenschaften
| Reflexionsgrad | 67 % |
|---|
Chemische Eigenschaften
| Basizität | leicht basisch |
|---|---|
| Oxidationszustand | 2 |
| Normalpotential | -0,403 V (Cd2+ + 2e- → Cd) |
Elektronegativität
| Pauling-Skala | 1,69 |
|---|---|
| Sanderson-Skala | 1,98 |
| Allred-Rochow-Skala | 1,46 |
| Mulliken-Skala | 1,53 |
| Ghosh-Gupta-Skale | 3,795 eV |
| Nagle-Skale | 1,45 |
| Pearson-Skale | 4,33 eV |
Weitere Eigenschaften
| Natürliches Vorkommen | primordial |
|---|---|
| Kristallstruktur | hexagonal (dicht gepackt) |
| Goldschmidt-Klassifikation | chalcophil |
| Supraleiter | mit Sprungtemperatur (Festkörper, Normaldruck) |
| Preis/kg | 2,73 USD |