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Phosphor (von altgriechisch φωσφόρος phōsphóros, deutsch ‚lichttragend‘, vom Leuchten des weißen Phosphors bei der Reaktion mit Sauerstoff) ist ein chemisches Element mit dem Symbol P und der Ordnungszahl 15. Im Periodensystem steht es in der fünften Hauptgruppe, bzw. 15. IUPAC-Gruppe oder Stickstoffgruppe.
Phosphor kommt in mehreren, sich stark unterscheidenden Modifikationen vor. Der aus P4-Molekülen aufgebaute weiße Phosphor ist die am einfachsten herzustellende, jedoch thermodynamisch nicht die stabilste Modifikation.
Phosphorverbindungen sind für alle Lebewesen essenziell und bei Aufbau und Funktion der Organismen in zentralen Bereichen beteiligt, wie der DNA und der zellulären Energieversorgung (ADP/ATP). Die biogeochemische Umsetzung von Phosphor erfolgt im Rahmen des Phosphorkreislaufs.