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Scandium (von lat. Scandia „Skandinavien“) ist ein chemisches Element mit dem Symbol Sc und der Ordnungszahl 21. Im Periodensystem steht es in der 3. Nebengruppe, bzw. der 3. IUPAC-Gruppe oder Scandiumgruppe. Das bei Raumtemperatur weiche, silberweiße Element ist das erste der Übergangsmetalle und wird auch den Metallen der Seltenen Erden zugerechnet.
21ScScandium
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Atomare Eigenschaften
| Relative Atommasse | 44,9559 ±4·10-6 |
|---|---|
| Atommasse | 44,9559 u |
Atomradien
| Radius (empirisch) | 162 pm |
|---|---|
| Radius (berechnet) | 184 pm |
| Kovalenter Radius | 170 ±7 pm |
| Van-der-Waals-Radius | 211 pm |
Atomhülle
| Elektronenkonfiguration | Ar 3d1 4s2 |
|---|---|
| Ionisierungsenergie | (1.) 6,56149 eV (2.) 12,79977 eV (3.) 24,756838 eV (4.) 73,4894 eV (5.) 91,95 eV |
| Schalenmodell | Elektronen k-Schale:2 l-Schale:8 m-Schale:9 n-Schale:2 |
Physikalische Eigenschaften
| Aggregatzustand | fest |
|---|---|
| Dichte | 2,985 g·cm−3 |
| Molares Volumen | 1,5·10-5 m3·mol−1 |
Temperaturen
| Schmelzpunkt | 1.814 K |
|---|---|
| Siedepunkt | 3.109 K |
| Flüssigkeitsbereich | 1.295 K |
| Sprungtemperatur | 0,34 K |
Enthalpien
| Schmelzenthalpie | 16 kJ·mol-1 |
|---|---|
| Verdampfungsenthalpie | 318 kJ·mol-1 |
| Bindungsenergie | 378 kJ·mol-1 |
Wärme und Leitfähigkeit
| Spezifische Wärmekapazität | 586 J·kg−1·K−1 |
|---|---|
| Wärmeleitfähigkeit | 16 W·m-1·K-1 |
| Ausdehnungskoeffizient | 1,02·10-5 K-1 |
Härten
| Mohshärte | 2,5 |
|---|---|
| Brinellhärte | 750 NM·m-2 |
Elastizitätseigenschaften
| Youngscher Modul | 74 GPa |
|---|---|
| Schubmodul | 29 GPa |
| Kompressionsmodul | 57 GPa |
| Poissonzahl | 0,28 |
Elektrische Eigenschaften
| Elektrische Leitfähigkeit | 1,81·106 S·m-1 |
|---|---|
| Wiederstand | 5,5·10-7 Ωm |
Magnetismus
| Magnetismus | paramagnetisch |
|---|---|
| Magnetische Suszeptibilität | 3,15·10-4 cm3·mol−1 (292 K) |
Chemische Eigenschaften
| Basizität | leicht basisch |
|---|---|
| Oxidationszustand | 3 |
| Normalpotential | -2,03 V (Sc3+ + 3e- → Sc) |
Elektronegativität
| Pauling-Skala | 1,36 |
|---|---|
| Sanderson-Skala | 1,02 |
| Allred-Rochow-Skala | 1,2 |
| Ghosh-Gupta-Skale | 2,857 eV |
| Nagle-Skale | 1,17 |
| Pearson-Skale | 3,34 eV |
Weitere Eigenschaften
| Natürliches Vorkommen | primordial |
|---|---|
| Kristallstruktur | hexagonal (dicht gepackt) |
| Goldschmidt-Klassifikation | lithophil |
| Supraleiter | mit Sprungtemperatur unter speziellen Bedingungen |
| Preis/kg | 3.460 USD |